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As a result, global trade and GDP have grown in tandem recently, both increasing by 26 per cent during 2008–18 period ( WTO, 2019). Globalization, the process by which national economies have integrated into a vast inter-connected global economic system, has led to a tremendous growth in global trade and international business. The paper concludes with some implications for international business managers and directions for future research. The authors also use examples from the current Covid-19 crisis to assess the firms’ responses and their consequences. This paper uses an extensive review of the international business literature to address the above research gap by identifying the different types of uncertainty, their antecedents and outcomes, the coping strategies used to mitigate their impact, and the consequences of these actions.
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This makes it difficult for international business managers to understand the types of uncertainty in their businesses and develop appropriate strategies to deal with it effectively, especially during times such as the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. Despite the perennial need to understand and manage uncertainty in international business, there is no comprehensive framework that incorporates different types of uncertainty, their antecedents and outcomes, and the different coping strategies used by managers and their outcomes.